In a world where threats to national security are no longer confined to borders or battlefields, the most important defence asset a country can build is not a single platform or weapons system, it’s a connected, skilled population. Modern defence is now a systems challenge: cyber resilience, space and satellite dependence, supply chains, energy security, autonomous systems, data integrity, and rapid response capability are all intertwined. Defending the nation means defending the whole system. And that means inspiring, and rapidly equipping, a new generation with the skills that keep it running.

The UK Government has started to frame this shift formally. The Government’s recent Strategic Defence Review sets out an approach that recognises national security as a long-term, ‘whole-of-society’ effort. Critically, it also signals increased funding for defence and national security over the next five to ten years. Of course, the level of investment in these areas matter. But there’s an uncomfortable truth beneath the headlines: the country risks running head first into a talent crisis, before it runs out of money to spend.

In the digital age, the limiting factor isn’t only budgets, its people with the skills to use them. According to ISC2’s 2024 Cybersecurity Workforce study, the global shortage of cyber professionals now stands at 4.8 million. The best capability in the world is irrelevant if you can’t recruit, train, and retain engineers, analysts and operators who are fluent in data, cyber, autonomy and complex systems. And when we say “defence workforce,” we don’t just mean those in uniform, civil servants or intelligence agencies. We mean the entire defence enterprise, including industry partners across the supply chain. This is a “team of teams” game, and dealing with 21st-century threats requires collaboration across government, primes, SMEs, academia, and increasingly, the public itself as Phil Pauley, CEO and founder of PAULEY explains…

XR and AI can fundamentally change the equation

For decades, defence careers have suffered from a perception gap. Many young people can’t see how their interests, such as coding, design, engineering, psychology, languages and logistics can translate into national resilience. Extended Reality (XR) challenges this mindset. It makes roles and missions visible and relatable. For example, a student can step into a simulation of a cyber operations centre, a logistics hub, an emergency coordination room, or an unmanned systems control station and immediately understand why maths matters, why communications discipline matters, why teamwork matters. Security stops being abstract. It becomes experiential.

Crucially, XR isn’t just a recruitment tool; it is a learning accelerator. It allows people to practise high-pressure scenarios safely, repeatedly, and at scale. From diagnosing faults in complex equipment to managing a port disruption, coordinating humanitarian response, or navigating a GPS-denied environment, immersive training builds competence faster than text alone. Mistakes become learning, not real world catastrophe which is crucial in a landscape where speed of readiness is becoming a strategic advantage. It also helps to develop rapid and adaptive problem solving, which is a core requirement in modern defence operations where information shifts quickly and teams must respond in sync.

If XR brings purpose and experience, AI brings personalised pathways and national clarity. Skills shortages in cybersecurity, RF engineering, autonomy, systems integration, advanced manufacturing and safety-critical programme delivery are persistent and growing. For businesses recruiting, AI can help identify which skills are missing, forecast future demand, and guide training investment accordingly.

Connection is key 

The key insight is that modern defence capability is built through thousands of micro-competencies that need to connect. A resilient country doesn’t just have pilots; it has maintainers, software specialists, data analysts, planners, procurement professionals, trainers, and operators working as one system. XR training environments can reflect that reality by simulating cross-team operations, so people learn not in isolation but as part of the whole.

Done well, this approach also helps solve one of the most urgent challenges, finding talent that already exists, but is currently invisible.

Cybersecurity offers a stark example. With over 90,000 cyber-attacks targeting the UK annually, digital skills are essential for keeping Britain secure at home and abroad. A growing number of young people are developing advanced skills on gaming platforms and online communities. Pattern recognition, adversarial thinking, rapid iteration, teamwork under pressure: these capabilities are increasingly forming outside of formal education. In many cases, these skills are real, and transferable, but they are not credentialed, not recognised by employers, and not visible to the government. The danger is that the only groups actively identifying and recruiting this talent are the wrong ones in the form of cybercriminal networks. Increasingly, commentary – including the recent BAE Systems Power of Perspective podcast – point to young, often neurodivergent, highly capable individuals being drawn into cyber gangs because they’re seen, valued and given status, while legitimate pathways fail to notice them. This, clearly, is a problem, and one that needs addressing by government and industry.

Gamifying isn’t a gimmick 

This is where “gamifying” skills identification isn’t a gimmick. It’s national resilience. Ethical “hacking games,” XR-based cyber ranges, and AI-driven skills assessment can identify aptitude early, channel it responsibly, and turn at-risk talent into a protected and valued national capability. Balanced correctly, with safeguarding, ethical boundaries and clear progression routes, these programmes create a pipeline of ethical hackers and cyber defenders while reducing the pull of criminal recruitment. They fit naturally with how many young people learn today: by trying, testing, improving and competing in structured digital environments.

Of course, technology isn’t a substitute for trust or ethics, it must reinforce them. AI used in training and assessment must be auditable and transparent. XR scenarios must be designed responsibly, with attention to psychological safety and the difference between education and propaganda. The aim is to embed good judgement, teamwork and ethical decision making into digital environments, the same qualities long developed through activities like sport, where structure, rules and teamwork shape how people learn. The goal is not militarisation. It’s normalising national resilience as a civic project, protecting services, critical infrastructure and public safety.

Dynamic Defence 

The practical path forward is clear. Government and industry should co-develop “dual-use” training ecosystems such as digital twins of ports, rail networks, energy grids and communications infrastructure that can be used by defence, emergency services and private operators alike. Introduce stackable micro-credentials recognised across sectors so skills earned for security and resilience also unlock careers in engineering, logistics and technology. Building local XR training hubs linked to apprenticeships and employers, and using AI to match learners to opportunities and forecast workforce needs will be key.

As weather-related disruptions increase, with Network Rail reporting a long-term rise in climate linked delays, and as energy systems face increasing climate exposure, shared digital training capabilities will become essential rather than nice to haves. These environments allow multiple sectors to rehearse crises together, not in silos.

As the skills gap widens, the UK also needs to rethink how it develops people for a world where imagination, simulation and engineering increasingly overlap. Fields once seen as separate such as advanced visualisation, interactive media, AI enabled modelling, speculative engineering, now play a shared role in helping teams understand complex systems and prepare for emerging risks. Together, they offer a faster way to prototype ideas, test scenarios and build confidence in environments that may not even exist in the real world. In a period of acute talent shortages, the convergence is becoming essential to accelerating readiness.

And finally..

In the coming decade, the countries that thrive will be those that treat skills as strategic infrastructure. The Strategic Defence Review and increased funding are important steps of course. But the decisive advantage will come from building the talent base to match the ambition. By giving anyone, anywhere access to immersive training and intelligent tools that build capability, improve resilience, and support the people who keep critical national systems running, XR and AI can make national security skills more visible, engaging, and scalable, helping ensure we don’t run out of talent before we run out of funding.

Because in a complex world, defence is no longer only about what we own. It’s about what we know, and how quickly we can learn, adapt, and work together.

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